…was destroyed by the great Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake and subsequent fire in September 1923, which killed some 20,000 people. The city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo was, although both were devastated. Continue The Great Kanto Earthquake turned 93 on 1st September 2016. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The quake's magnitude is estimated at 7.9 to 8.2 on the Richter scale, and its epicenter was in the shallow waters of Sagami Bay, about 25 miles south of Tokyo. 20.04.2016 - Просмотрите доску «Great Kanto earthquake 1923» пользователя max в Pinterest. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. It was estimated that 140,000 people died in the dreadful Kantō Earthquake of 1923. Corrections? • January 1 – The Grouping: All major British railway companies are grouped into four larger companies, under terms of the Railways Act 1921. Nobel nominee Junicho Tanizaki, who spent two years in Yokohama writing screenplays, marveled at “a riot of loud Western colors and smells—the odor of cigars, the aroma of chocolate, the fragrance of flowers, the scent of perfume.”. The first shock hit at 11:58 a.m., emanating from a seismic fault six miles beneath the floor of Sagami Bay, 30 miles south of Tokyo. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. The 9.0 earthquake that struck the northeast coast of Honshu this past March is not likely to have such an impact on Japan’s history. The massive earthquake struck the Japanese capital region, including the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, shortly before noon on Saturday, September 1, 1923, causing immense physical destruction. All told, 45 percent of Tokyo burned before the last embers of the inferno died out on September 3. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災, Kantō daishinsai?) Events following the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923 demonstrate clearly the capacity of such catastrophes to disrupt normal market-based economic activity in diverse ways, and the intense alarm that this can provoke. It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes. Hours after the earthquake, Yonemura picked up a faint signal from a naval station near Yokohama, relaying word of the catastrophe. A Portrait of Anne of Cleves or Catherine Howard? About 140,000 people fell victim to this earthquake and the fires caused by it. According to survivors, the initial quaking lasted for about 14 seconds—long enough to bring down nearly every building on Yokohama’s watery, unstable ground. The location of the disaster is shown on the map. Go Nagai ’s manga Violence Jack is set in a scenario in which a gigantic earthquake called ‘The Great Kanto Hellquake’, reminiscent of the 1923 earthquake, devastates Tokyo and severs the Kanto region from the rest of Japan, as well as cutting it off from the outside world. Traditional figures offered words of solace: Crown Prince Hirohito 88 years ago; his son, Emperor Akihito, in 2011. It moved Tokyo into the ranks of world metropolises.”, University of Melbourne historian J. Charles Schencking sees the rebuilding of Tokyo as a metaphor for something larger. Advertising Notice Before the Great Kanto Earthquake struck, Japan was full of optimism. According to some estimates, the death toll was as high as 6,000. “The tidal wave swept out a great section of the village near the beach,” wrote Henry W. Kinney, a Tokyo-based editor for Trans-Pacific magazine. A number that included almost 45,000 people who had tried to protect themselves near Tokyo’s Sumida River but who were all burnt alive by an awful 100m tornado of fire known as a “dragon twist”. Joshua Hammer is a contributing writer to Smithsonian magazine and the author of several books, including The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts and The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird. 1923 Great Kantō earthquake relief efforts‎ (15 F) Rumor of the Great Kanto-earthquake in 1923‎ (10 F) Media in category "1923 Great Kantō earthquake" The following 24 files are in this category, out of 24 total. The only comparable Japanese earthquake in the 20th century was at Kōbe on January 17, 1995; about 6,400 people died amid considerable damage, which included widespread fires in the city and a landslide in nearby Nishinomiya. The Great Kantō Earthquake. Fifteen minutes later, they had spread to 136. Cookie Policy Ethnically-charged civil unrest after the disaster (i.e. For the next three days, Yonemura sent a stream of reports that alerted the world to the unfolding tragedy. Then there was Taki Yonemura, chief engineer of the government wireless station in Iwaki, a small town 152 miles northeast of Tokyo. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Many hundreds of thousands of houses were either shaken down or burned in the ensuing fire touched off by the quake. Of the numerous disasters, both natural and man-made, to strike Japan during the 20th century, the Great Kantō Earthquake was among the worst, and the most significant. Creating connections between content and mission; April 16, 2021. California Do Not Sell My Info The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 A Brief History of the Disaster As illuminating as the photographs and other materials from the Reynolds Collections are, it seemed to us as we were working on the site that it would be helpful to provide some historical context for the Collection, and the images it contains. Roving bands of Japanese prowled the ruins of Yokohama and Tokyo, setting up makeshift roadblocks and massacring Koreans across the earthquake zone. 1923 Great Kantō earthquake; Tokyo Capt. 18th Annual Photo Contest Winners and Finalists Announced! The Great Kanto Earthquake, sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on September 1, 1923. The initial jolt was followed a few minutes later by a 40-foot-high tsunami. Japan scholar Kenneth Pyle of the University of Washington says that conservative elites were already nervous about democratic forces emerging in society, and “the 1923 earthquake does sort of begin to reverse some of the liberal tendencies that appear right after World War I....After the earthquake, there’s a measurable increase in right-wing patriotic groups in Japan that are really the groundwork of what is called Japanese fascism.” Peter Duus, an emeritus professor of history at Stanford, states that it was not the earthquake that kindled right-wing activities, “but rather the growth of the metropolis and the emergence of what the right wing regarded as heartless, hedonistic, individualistic and materialist urban culture.” The more significant long-term effect of the earthquake, he says, “was that it set in motion the first systematic attempt at reshaping Tokyo as a modern city. “The smiles vanished,” remembered Ellis M. Zacharias, then a young U.S. naval officer, who was standing on the pier when the earthquake hit, “and for an appreciable instant everyone stood transfixed” by “the sound of unearthly thunder.” Moments later, a tremendous jolt knocked Zacharias off his feet, and the pier collapsed, spilling cars and people into the water. or devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, Charles River Editors (Author) › Visit Amazon's Charles River Editors Page. And the quake may have emboldened right-wing forces at the very moment that the country was poised between military expansion and an embrace of Western democracy, only 18 years before Japan would enter World War II. Attracting entrepreneurs, fugitives, traders, spies and drifters from every corner of the world, the port rose “like a mirage in the desert,” wrote one Japanese novelist. Vast portions of the hills facing the ocean had slid into the sea.”. It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes. Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. More than half of the brick buildings and one-tenth of the reinforced concrete structures in the region collapsed. In both instances, the toll was considerable, with estimated deaths in the 2011 quake approaching 30,000 and damage that could go as high as $310 billion. |, (Rue des Archives / The Granger Collection, New York), (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division). the Kantō Massacre) has been documented. The source of the 1923 Kanto earthquake is a megathrust between Philippine Sea plate and Honshu plate. The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on Sept. 1, 1923. Extensive firestorms and even a fire tornado added to the death toll. Extensive firestorms and even a fire tornado added to the death toll. The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. Like the 1923 quake, this one unleashed secondary disasters: a tsunami that washed away dozens of villages; mudslides; fires; and damage to the Fukushima Daiichi reactors that emitted radiation into the atmosphere (and constituted the worst nuclear accident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986). The wave of good feeling between the two countries would soon dissipate, however, in mutual accusations. The death toll would be about 140,000, including 44,000 who had sought refuge near Tokyo’s Sumida River in the first few hours, only to be immolated by a freak pillar of fire known as a “dragon twist.” The temblor destroyed two of Japan’s largest cities and traumatized the nation; it also whipped up nationalist and racist passions. Of the 44,000 people who had gathered there, only 300 survived. 1923 Marele cutremur Kantō ; Tokyo . The human tragedy of over 120,000 killed and 2 million left homeless was matched in severity by the economic cost of the damage inflicted: it was roughly four … Although the shock waves had weakened by the time they reached through the Kanto region to Tokyo, 17 miles north of Yokohama, many poorer neighborhoods built on unstable ground east of the Sumida River collapsed in seconds. Within hours of the catastrophe, rumors spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and using the breakdown of authority to plot the overthrow of the Japanese government. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Yonemura’s bulletins helped to galvanize an international relief effort, led by the United States, that saved thousands from near-certain death or prolonged misery. Terms of Use It caused widespread damage. Did Stone Age Humans Shape the African Landscape With Fire 85,000 Years Ago? Yonemura tapped out a 19-word bulletin—CONFLAGRATION SUBSEQUENT TO SEVERE EARTHQUAKE AT YOKOHAMA AT NOON TODAY. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Damage caused by the Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake, 1923. Though they may dispute its effects, historians agree that the destruction of two great population centers gave voice to those in Japan who believed that the embrace of Western decadence had invited divine retribution. Forty-eight percent of all homes in Tokyo Prefecture (the homes of 397,119 families) were either destroyed or classified as uninhabitable as a result of the Great Kantō Earthquake and fires. 4th September Star Sign » Maiden flight of the first U.S. airship, the USS Shenandoah ZR-1 6. Thomas Ryan, a 22-year-old U.S. naval ensign, freed a woman trapped inside the Grand Hotel in Yokohama, then carried the victim—who had suffered two broken legs—to safety, seconds ahead of a fire that engulfed the ruins. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. Mountainous and volcanic, Honshu experiences frequent earthquakes (the Great Kantō earthquake heavily damaged Tokyo in September 1923, and the earthquake of March 2011 moved the northeastern part of the island by varying amounts of as much as 5.3 m while causing devastating tsunamis). The Kanto earthquake of 1 September 1923 in Japan is one of the most destructive earthquakes in the world, and over 100,000 people were sacrificed in the disaster. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Magazine How Common Are Your Covid-19 Vaccine Side Effects? More than 100,000 people died when the Great Kantō Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923. (Japan had occupied Korea in 1905, annexed it five years later and ruled the territory with an iron grip.) Map of Japan showing the epicentre of the 1923 earthquake and the cities for which we obtained price data. This dislocation proved relatively short-lived, but identifying the key causal factors behind the rapid recovery is not easy. Tens of thousands of working-class Japanese found refuge in an empty patch of ground near the river. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Regular contributor Joshua Hammer is the author of Yokohama Burning, about the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. 1st September Star Sign » The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake or Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing about 105,000 people. 1923 Kanto earthquake intensity-2.png 512 × 512; 49 KB. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. The flames closed in from all directions, and then, at 4 p.m., a 300-foot-tall “fire tornado” blazed across the area. WHOLE CITY ABLAZE WITH NUMEROUS CASUALTIES. Twenty expatriate regulars at the Yokohama United Club, the city’s most popular watering hole, died when the concrete building pancaked. My own view is that by reducing the expatriate European community in Yokohama and putting an end to a period of optimism symbolized by that city, the Kanto earthquake accelerated Japan’s drift toward militarism and war. The earthquake, he has written, “fostered a culture of catastrophe defined by political and ideological opportunism, contestation and resilience, as well as a culture of reconstruction in which elites sought to not only rebuild Tokyo, but also reconstruct the Japanese nation and its people.”. The magnitude of its destruction was almost beyond imagining. Historiography of the Great Kantō Earthquake has mainly focused on issues concerning the reconstruction of Japanese society after the disaster. 75 years ago, on 1 September 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in world history hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundings. Every year on the same date, drills and other activities are … Portugal's Record-Breaking 516 Arouca Bridge Opens, High Waters in the Great Lakes Reveal Two Centuries-Old Shipwrecks, H.H. For the city was gone.”, The tragedy prompted countless acts of heroism. Disaster struck at 11:58 on September 1st, 1923, just as families were gathering around the table for lunch. A massive magnitude-9.0 temblor struck off the coast of Sendai on March 11, 2011, itself producing some damage but also generating a series of devastating tsunamis along the coast of northeastern Japan. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. A series of towering waves swept away thousands of people. More than half of the brick buildings and one-tenth of the reinforced concrete structures in the region collapsed. Nevertheless, there are parallels. From the waterfront promenade, known as the Bund, to the Bluff, the hillside neighborhood favored by foreign residents, Yokohama was where East met West, and liberal ideas—including democracy, collective bargaining and women’s rights—transfixed those who engaged them. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923.Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Soon, the entire city was ablaze. Founded as Japan’s first “Foreign Settlement” in 1859, five years after U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry forced the shogun to open Japan to the West, Yokohama had grown into a cosmopolitan city of half a million. “I saw a thirty-foot sampan [boat] that had been lifted neatly on top of the roof of a prostrated house. Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. Here and there a remnant of a building, a few shattered walls, stood up like rocks above the expanse of flame, unrecognizable....It was as if the very earth were now burning. Otis Manchester Poole, a 43-year-old American manager of a trading firm, stepped out of his largely still-intact office near the Bund to face an indelible scene. Three hundred people died in Kamakura, the ancient capital, when a 20-foot-high wave washed over the town. The radio man “flashed the news across the sea at the speed of sunlight,” reported the New York Times, “to tell of tremendous casualties, buildings leveled by fire, towns swept by tidal waves...disorder by rioters, raging fire and wrecked bridges.”. De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă . By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. As the evening of the quake approached, Kinney observed, “Yokohama, the city of almost half a million souls, had become a vast plain of fire, of red, devouring sheets of flame which played and flickered. Meanwhile, a wall of water surged from the fault zone toward the coast of Honshu. – The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan, by J. Charles Schencking, 2013 The Kanda Ogawamachi business district, c. 1920. In less than three days, a magnitude approximate 7.9 earthquake and subsequent conflagrations reduced nearly half of Japan’s capital to a blackened, rubble-filled, corpse-strewn wasteland of desolation. How videos can drive stronger virtual sales The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST on Saturday, September 1, 1923. ALL TRAFFIC STOPPED—and dispatched it to an RCA receiving station in Hawaii. The shock generated a tsunami that reached a height of 39.5 feet (12 metres) at Atami on Sagami Gulf, where it destroyed 155 houses and killed 60 people. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The 1923 Great Kanto earthquake struck the Kanto plain on the Japanese main island of Honshu at 11:58 on the morning of September 1, 1923. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. U.S. naval vessels set sail from China on the evening of September 2, and within a week, dozens of warships packed with relief supplies—rice, canned roast beef, reed mats, gasoline—filled Yokohama Harbor. The Great Kanto Earthquake obliterated all of that in a single afternoon. According to one police report, fires had broken out in 83 locations by 12:15. The three-story Grand Hotel, an elegant Victorian villa on the seafront that had played host to Rudyard Kipling, W. Somerset Maugham and William Howard Taft, collapsed, crushing hundreds of guests and employees. Samuel Robinson, the Canadian skipper of the Empress of Australia, took hundreds of refugees aboard, organized a fire brigade that kept the ship from being incinerated by advancing flames, then steered the crippled vessel to safety in the outer harbor. *Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the earthquake and subsequent fires by survivors *Includes a bibliography for further reading *Includes a table of contents Of the numerous disasters, both natural and man-made, to strike Japan during the 20th century, the Great Kantō Earthquake was among the worst, and the most significant. Updates? The earthquake also exposed the darker side of humanity. It presented exactly the aspect of a gigantic Christmas pudding over which the spirits were blazing, devouring nothing. Give a Gift. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923. People fled toward the Sumida River, drowning by the hundreds when bridges collapsed. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. Holmes, America's 'First' Serial Killer, 14 Fun Facts About the Science of Motherhood, Why the Tomato Was Feared in Europe for More Than 200 Years, Archaeologists in Italy Unearth Marble Bust of Rome's First Emperor, Augustus, Swedish Man Discovers Trove of Bronze Age Treasures Hidden in Plain Sight, An Exclusive Look at James Turrell's Visionary Artwork in the Arizona Desert, An Epic Monarch Migration Faces New Threats. It was the deadliest earthquake in Japanese history. About 140,000 people died. April 30, 2021. Japanese expressed resentment toward Western rescuers; demagogues in the United States charged that the Japanese had been “ungrateful” for the outpouring of help they received. The Great Kanto Earthquake 関東大震災写真集 site contains 199 images, which were scanned from black & white still photos matted on a black background. The photographs presented in this special online exhibition were taken by August Kengelbacher.They are a courtesy of Peter Kengelbacher. “The cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, and surrounding towns and villages, have been largely if not completely destroyed by earthquake, fire and flood, with a resultant appalling loss of life and destitution and distress, requiring measures of urgent relief.” The American Red Cross, of which Coolidge was the titular head, initiated a national relief drive, raising $12 million for victims. Blog. The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake: The History and Legacy of the Earthquake That Destroyed Tokyo Paperback – December 30, 2014. by. The city was rebuilt quickly, and the northwestern area was developed into a major industrial zone. Keep up-to-date on: © 2021 Smithsonian Magazine. Then, as in Yokohama, fires spread, fueled by flimsy wooden houses and fanned by high winds. Privacy Statement The quake destroyed the city’s water mains, paralyzing the fire department. The Great Kantō earthquake was a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū. was a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū. The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Get the best of Smithsonian magazine by email. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. Посмотрите больше идей на темы «япония». 1923 Marele cutremur Kantō - 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The ward system of government was introduced in 1927.…. Fuel, food and water were hard to come by weeks after the earthquake, and the Japanese government acknowledged that it had been ill-prepared for a calamity on this scale. Then came fires, roaring through the wooden houses of Yokohama and Tokyo, the capital, burning everything—and everyone—in their path. In September 1923, Tokyo became a hell on earth. No center symbolized the country’s dynamism more than Yokohama, known as the City of Silk. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 shocked the nation. Out of the City of Tokyo’s 2.26 million inhabitants, 1.38 million were rendered homeless by the disaster. The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts, The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird, 3,000-Year-Old Submerged Settlement Discovered in Switzerland, Scientists Discover Oldest Known Human Grave in Africa. “An overwhelming disaster has overtaken the people of the friendly nation of Japan,” he declared on September 3. Omissions? A 60- by 60-mile segment of the Philippine oceanic plate ruptured and thrust itself against the Eurasian continental plate, releasing a massive burst of tectonic energy. . The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone … Or, as philosopher and social critic Fukasaku Yasubumi declared at the time: “God cracked down a great hammer” on the Japanese nation. The so-called Great Kantō Earthquake of September 1923 in Japan devastated the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama and much of the surrounding area. From Washington, President Calvin Coolidge took the lead in rallying the United States. The massive earthquake struck the Japane Kanda Ogawamachi, after the Great Kanto earthquake, 1923. “Over everything had settled a thick white dust,” he remembered years later, “and through the yellow fog of dust, still in the air, a copper-coloured sun shone upon this silent havoc in sickly reality.” Fanned by high winds, fires from overturned cookstoves and ruptured gas mains spread. Thank you, teachers, for what you do; April 29, 2021. 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