[64], Writing in 1977 about the usage of the term "ethnic" in the ordinary language of Great Britain and the United States, Wallman noted, The term "ethnic" popularly connotes "[race]" in Britain, only less precisely, and with a lighter value load. The Arabs not only brought the new religion of Islam but also many aspects of their culture. A number of European countries, including France,[70] and Switzerland do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as civil wars when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state. Berbers are divided into a number of smaller ethnic groups. [19] The process that results in emergence of such identification is called ethnogenesis. [1][2][3] Ethnicity is sometimes used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism, and is separate from, but related to the concept of races. As states rose to power and expanded their territory, they created new forms of ethnic identity. In what is now NIGERIA, for example, the British regarded the FULANI as more advanced than other peoples and allowed them to be governed by their own institutions and chiefs. The sense of "different cultural groups", and in American English "racial, cultural or national minority group" arises in the 1930s to 1940s,[10] serving as a replacement of the term race which had earlier taken this sense but was now becoming deprecated due to its association with ideological racism. Here we provide guidelines for talking about racial and ethnic identity with inclusivity and respect. Ethnicity can be an inherited status or based on the society within which one lives. National identity is a measure of self-identity, reflecting the subjective nature of … The challenge for many African countries is to balance the diversity of ethnicity with equal access to political power, wealth, opportunity, and the resources of the nation. Over the course of their histories, these societies might be known by several ethnic names as they passed from local organization to state control and back again when the state lost power. Tonkin, M. McDonald and M. Chapman. In Mexico, most Mexicans are mestizo, a mixture of Spaniards and Native Americans. Other indigenous peoples reveal a similar story The two parties formed an alliance, but within a few years a power struggle shattered the alliance, and the party of the Ganda king was banned. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status. Nagel’s book explores Native Americans working to reverse the previous trajectory of assimilation 2. Barth writes: "... categorical ethnic distinctions do not depend on an absence of mobility, contact, and information, but do entail social processes of exclusion and incorporation whereby discrete categories are maintained despite changing participation and membership in the course of individual life histories.". Language is now the main distinguishing factor between Arabs and Berbers. conflict focused on issues related to ethnic identity. Sudan has identified about 20 major ethnic groups and more than 100 languages or dialects. Ethnic identity. Cohen also suggested that claims concerning "ethnic" identity (like earlier claims concerning "tribal" identity) are often colonialist practices and effects of the relations between colonized peoples and nation-states.[30]. People in eastern Africa sometimes use the concept of tribalism to explain differences and conflicts among themselves, even when the differences have more to do with money, land, and resources than with customs or culture. The Greeks had developed a concept of their own "ethnicity", which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. (Bern) 2006. p 15. Individuals use the name of their small group locally, but in national or political matters they often identify with the more influential Kalenjin—the group to which Kenya's president, Daniel arap MOI, belongs. Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character. But even these boundaries between people were blurred. [55] Under these conditions when people moved from one state to another,[56] or one state conquered or colonized peoples beyond its national boundaries – ethnic groups were formed by people who identified with one nation, but lived in another state. [32] Ronald Cohen concluded that ethnicity is "a series of nesting dichotomizations of inclusiveness and exclusiveness". In the 19th century, modern states generally sought legitimacy through their claim to represent "nations". They have attracted migrants of many ethnic backgrounds who speak a variety of languages. For example, the Chaga, who live in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, have enjoyed success in farming and business. Identities within Global Coloniality", "A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15", "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland", "Serbian Government – Official Presentation", "Beogradski centar za ljudska prava – Belgrade Centre for Human Rights", "Ethnicity, Race, and a Possible Humanity", "Another Look at Ethnicity as a Biological Concept: Moving Anthropology Beyond the Race Concept", American Psychological Association's Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_group&oldid=1022200001, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017, Articles needing additional references from January 2013, All articles needing additional references, Articles with empty sections from May 2021, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Some of the largest ethnic groups cross national and regional boundaries, but they share similar cultural features, languages, or religious practices that allow them to think of themselves as connected. The abstract ethnicity had been used for "paganism" in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an "ethnic character" (first recorded 1953). In Kenya, for example, the Nandi, Turkana, and Pokot peoples allied themselves under the name Kalenjin. On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport.
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