[231], In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. The stars Alpha Centauri (the closest star to our solar system at 4.3-light years away) and Beta Century are to the left of the Coalsack, while the famous Southern Cross (Crux) is poised just above and to the right of the Coalsack. [105] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies, and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar. 172, No. Hammersley, P. L.; Garzon, F.; Mahoney, T.; Calbet, X. [15] The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, about 100,000 light-years across. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,[70] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas. [73] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc). You will receive a verification email shortly. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. Our galaxy is surrounded by an enormous halo of hot gas that extends for hundreds of thousands of light-years. [159] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. And, even more stunningly, it has a galactic bulge, the tightly packed concentration of stars found in the middle of most spiral galaxies. Here it is seen with several Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Arra (ALMA) antenna. [64] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. (ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), Rizzo et al. [189] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc. Astronomers had long grouped the Milky Way, Andromeda, and other galaxies around us in the Virgo Supercluster, which contained some 100 galaxy groups.
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