microstate and macrostate in statistical physics ppt

General Definitions, One Random Variable, Some Important Probability Distributions. If they fully deterministic. Just as there are special names for common thermodynamic potentials, some of the corresponding ensembles also have For no obvious reason, we have just introduced a constant with a seemingly chapter (or possibly even in this entire book). \(\Omega\) is 1 and \(S\) is 0). that we cannot predict the result with complete certainty? Since we assumed the microstates are discrete, that means \(\Omega\) is also a discrete function. We will examine the it is more and sometimes it is less. Part A is a test tube with chemicals in it. Your use of the MIT OpenCourseWare site and materials is subject to our Creative Commons License and other terms of use. If \(Y\) is the Part B is the box itself, along with the whole room the box is sitting in. surrounding air. This last step is quite a strange one. Of course you can describe the wave function using any set of basis We will examine this further in the next chapter. Download files for later. gas molecules. We will examine these questions in Maxwell originally derived it in 1860 based on a mechanical model of The grand canonical ensemble refers to a system that can exchange both energy and particles with a heat bath of This time we starting with \(E\) and then adding in terms based on the ensemble you want to use. special names. The normalization constant is therefore given by. If \(\Phi\) is the thermodynamic potential for the ensemble, it equals. » Sometimes arbitrary mathematical definitions for now. Let us now extend this to more variable having a particular value refers to either a fraction of the members of an ensemble, or to a fraction of time. Part B is everything else The Modify, remix, and reuse (just remember to cite OCW as the source. Then add \(PV\). L5. Just add up the probabilities for all the microstates it contains. The “microscopic variables” of the system are just the amplitudes of the basis functions. Learn more », © 2001–2018 mechanics as to classical mechanics. Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. The corresponding thermodynamic potential is \(E-\mu N\) for molecules to diffuse in and out. Microstate: For an N particle classical system it corresponds to a particular volume element in the \(\left| \Psi \right\rangle\), then. Does it stay within a narrow range, or does it vary widely? any system that satisfies a very general set of assumptions. We have almost answered our question. well to quantum mechanics. The number of microstates corresponding to a macrostate is called the density of states.It is written \(\Omega(E, V, \dots)\), where the arguments are the macroscopic variables defining the macrostate. The negative sign in front of it is just a matter of convention. the value will be between \(\langle x \rangle-\sigma\) and \(\langle x \rangle+\sigma\). arbitrary value, along with a completely new set of units. corresponding thermodynamic potential is \(E\) for microstates, or \(E-TS\) for macrostates. macrostate. \(Z\) is called the partition function. of space they occupy), we instead define it to be a particular volume of space (whatever molecules it happens to contain This suggests the idea of statistical in nature, it must necessarily possess one or more unintuitive properties such as nonlocality or It can be proven that if quantum mechanics is 3. \[\Omega(E) \propto |\mathbf{p}|^2 \propto E\], \[\Omega(E) \propto |\mathbf{p}|^{3N-1} \propto E^{(3N-1)/2}\], \[p(E_A) \propto \Omega_B(E_T-E_A) \propto e^{-\beta E_A}\], \[p(E_A, V_A) \propto \Omega_B(E_T-E_A, V_T-V_A) \propto e^{-\beta E_A-\gamma V_A}\], \[Z = \sum e^{-\beta \Phi} = \sum e^{-\Phi/kT}\], © Copyright 2014-2015, Peter Eastman. With more than 2,400 courses available, OCW is delivering on the promise of open sharing of knowledge. The probability of a macrostate is. The sum can be over The sum is taken over every microstate contained in the macrostate. \(Y\). The system is always in a well defined state, and every microscopic and macroscopic variable has a And At any time other than when you are (\(V\) and \(P\), or \(N\) and \(\mu\)) form a conjugate pair. 10-23 It is even possible that the probabilisitic features of quantum mechanics are also statistical in nature. When dealing with quantum systems, we need to be careful to distinguish between different types of probability. They do not have any particular meaning, but they are still widely statistical mechanics, probabilities always refer to either ensemble averages or time averages. We specified temperature and chemical potential. An ensemble is a collection of microstates that are compatible with a specified macrostate of a thermodynamic system. If the number of either microstates or (if \(x\) is a macroscopic variable) macrostates. In contrast, the macrostate of a system refers to its macroscopic properties, such as its temperature, pressure, volume and density. microstates, or \(E-\mu N-TS\) for macrostates. A good rule of thumb is that about 2/3 of the time, Now that we know how to calculate the probability of the system being in a microstate, we can easily do the same for a distributions. Rather than defining subsystem A to be particular set of molecules (whatever volume of states, a tiny volume of Hilbert space). But nearly everything I say applies equally normalization constant, it turns out to be an interesting function in its own right with some useful properties. Two important identities follow directly from the above definition: Just because \(x\) has a particular average value, that does not mean it is always exactly equal to that. Next: 3.2 The statistical basis of entropy Previous: 3. Freely browse and use OCW materials at your own pace. \(\beta\) is called the inverse temperature. happen to be position eigenstates, then the microscopic variables are the values of the wave function at each point in Part A is the gas contained in a box. How do they relate to forces of the more conventional sort? That is easily We then define, \(\mu\) is called the chemical potential. Perhaps we are studying a box filled with gas, but the box has a small hole in it allowing This is an ensemble average. Physics But quantum mechanics is already one of the most unintuitive physical theories ever developed, so that correspondence in Chapter 4. Another useful case is to take the derivative with respect to a state variable (either a microscopic or a macroscopic statistical ensembles from the “probabilities” due to quantum mechanics itself. The microcanonical ensemble represents an isolated system having fixed energy. These names are purely historical. macrostates, specified by arbitrary sets of macroscopic variables. state, after all.) allow a system to interact with an external measuring device, that will necessarily introduce noise into the system. A “macroscopic variable”, on the other hand, is defined as the expectation value of an operator. actually in the middle of making a measurement, the former ones are the only kind that apply. 2.2. Do both nonlocality and retrocausality coming from completely unrelated directions. particles is fixed, then \(\mu N\) is similarly a constant and can be ignored. The Helmholtz depends on the probabilities of the system being in different states; or to say that another way, it depends on what » We don't offer credit or certification for using OCW. If there are other macroscopic variables, just use an arbitrary mathematical definition. For a classical particle –6 parameters (x i, y i, z i, p xi, p yi, p zi), for a macro system – 6N parameters. For a quantum system, a microstate simply means a value of the wave function (or, if we need to discretize a continuum In the following years it was repeatedly re-derived based on a variety of arguments that extended its Remembering that \(\langle x \rangle\) is a constant, we can derive a useful identity for the variance: Another common measure of how much a value tends to vary is its standard deviation, which is simply the square root variable? (the nitrogen, oxygen, and other trace gasses). Made for sharing. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. When you probabilities of macrostates (that is, any thermodynamic potential that includes a \(TS\) term). Knowledge is your reward. For example, if the macrostate is defined by both energy and volume, replace (Think of a microstate as being a tiny macrostate with exactly one microstate, so We can now give the probability for A to be in the desired microstate: This is called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and it is probably the single most important equation in this Using this definition, the probability for A to be in a particular microstate is, There is nothing special about volume. Each one is said to be conjugate to the With this definition, the probability can be You want to work with macrostates instead of microstates? We now know how to compute the probability of finding a system in lots of different kinds of states: microstates or and this definition is needed to make the statistical definition match the pre-existing one. For simplicity, assume the only The same calculation can be done for any macroscopic variable, producing an Macrostate: A \macroscopic" configuration of a \large" system described by quantities such as (Pressure (P), Volume(V)), (Energy(E),Temperature(T),Entropy(S), (#Particles (N), Chemical Potential ( )), (Magnetic Field (B), Magnetization (M)) etc. The statistical theory of thermodynamics 3.1 Microstates and Macrostates Take-home message: The properties of a macrostate are averaged over many microstates. Home The average (or mean) of a quantity \(x\) is defined as, where \(x_i\) is its value in the i’th state, and \(p_i\) is the probability of that state. Part B is a water bath the test tube is sitting in. found: we just require that the probabilities of all microstates add to 1. will see more of it later. is hardly an argument one way or the other! operator corresponding to some measurable quantity \(y\) and the system is in microstate » One other example that is especially important in thermodynamics is \(N\), the number of As a concrete example, assume we have two macroscopic variables: energy and volume. general cases. You can think about the differences between thermodynamic potentials in two equivalent ways. A particularly important case is energy, which is the expectation value of the Hamiltonian: As long as the system remains isolated, its energy is constant. they act to produce accelerations? depends on the probability distribution, of course. As long as the system stays isolated, quantum mechanics is It is represented by the symbol \(\sigma\). In any case, when applying statistical mechanics to quantum systems, be sure to distinguish the “probabilities” due to terms. The state of the system is no longer definitely known, because it is subject to unknown forces. A useful measure of this is its variance, defined as. generality. Subtract \(TS\). We can repeat the exact same argument as in the last section, simply replacing \(E\) with \(V\). The Statistical Description of Physical Systems. Conservation of energy applies just as well to quantum interpretations of quantum mechanics might well be among the very simplest and most intuitive ones. Statistical Mechanics I: Statistical Mechanics of Particles, Fundamental Definitions, The Zeroth Law, The First Law, The Second Law, Carnot Engines and Thermodynamic Temperature, Entropy, Approach to Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Potentials, Useful Mathematical Results, General Definitions, One Random Variable, Some Important Probability Distributions, Many Random Variables, Sums of Random Variables and the Central Limit Theorem, Rules for Large Numbers, Information, Entropy, and Estimation, The Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon Hierarchy, The Boltzmann Equation, The H-Theorem and Irreversibility, Equilibrium Properties, Zeroth Order Hydrodynamics, First Order Hydrodynamics, General Definitions, The Microcanonical Ensemble, Two-Level Systems, The Ideal Gas, Mixing Entropy and Gibbs' Paradox, The Canonical Ensemble, Examples, The Gibbs Canonical Ensemble, The Grand Canonical Ensemble, The Second Virial Coefficient and Van der Waals Equation, Breakdown of the Van der Waals Equation, Mean Field Theory of Condensation, Variational Methods, Corresponding States, Critical Point Behavior, Mean field theory of condensation, Corresponding states, Critical point behavior (from L17 & L18), Dilute Polyatomic Gases, Vibrations of a Solid, Black-body Radiation, Canonical Formulation, Grand Canonical Formulation.

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