Several other elapid species are also called "cobras", such as the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and the rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus), but neither are true cobras. (India4U,2000; Discovery, 2000; Breen, 1974), The Indian Cobra reproduces sexually by the joining of male and female gametes and produces eggs. The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. Monocled cobras are distributed from India in the west through to China, Vietnam and Cambodia. In areas where the distribution of this species coincides with protected areas, probably providing small safeguards. [1] Naja kaouthia is listed on CITES Appendix II.[13]. [6], This species has been assessed as Least Concern by IUCN owing to its large distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats including anthropogenically altered environments, and its reported abundance. The dorsal surface may be yellow, brown, gray, or blackish, with or without ragged or clearly defined cross bands. Lesson, R.-P. (1831). They are provoked into a striking position and are held in a concentrating effort to follow the charmer's hands and pipe, which results in their "dancing" movement. They range throughout Africa (including some parts of the Sahara where Naja haje can be found), Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. Because it hunts rodents that live around people, it is often encountered by accident, and many people die each year from N. naja bites. Catalogue dressé (juillet 1831). Contributor Galleries "Poisonous Snakes of India" (On-line). found in the oriental region of the world. The species also occurs in agricultural land and human settlements including cities. at http://www.india4u.com/wildlife/snakes.asp. The largest fang recorded measured 6.78 mm (0.678 cm). living in the northern part of the Old World. The eggs, usually 12 to 20, are laid in a hollow tree, or in the earth, and the female will guard them throughout the incubation period, only leaving to feed. The shape of the frontal scale is short and square. The most important factors in the difference of mortality rates among victims envenomated by cobras is the severity of the bite and which cobra species caused the envenomation. Some hold that the Sanskrit word is cognate with English "snake", Germanic: *snēk-a-, Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-,[7] but this is unlikely. For example, mortality rates among untreated cases of envenomation by the cobras as a whole group ranges from 6.5–10% for N kaouthia[19] to about 70% for N. A terrestrial biome. (Burton, 1991; Tropical Rainforest Animals, 2000), This species is often kept by the "snake charmers" of India. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome. rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Also, cobra venom is a potential source of medicines, including anti-cancer drugs and pain-killers. Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp. They can be found at elevations of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands. They are not true cobras in that they do not belong to the genus Naja, but instead each belong to monotypic genera Hemachatus (the rinkhals)[1] and Ophiophagus (the king cobra/hamadryad). [11] In mice, the intravenous LD50 for the Caspian cobra is 0.037 mg/kg,[14] and for the Philippine cobra it is 0.05 mg/kg. Adults can reach a maximum of 2.3 m (7.5 ft) in length. Burton, J. In 1831, René Lesson first described the monocled cobra as a beautiful snake that is distinct from the spectacled cobra, with 188 ventral scales and 53 pairs of caudal scales.. [12] Egg-laying takes place January through March. As a result, mortality among those treated for N. oxiana envenomation is still relatively high (up to 30%) compared to all other species of cobra (<1%). oxiana. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of 1.84 m (6.0 ft). Members of the genus Naja are the most widespread and the most widely recognized as "true" cobras. Renal damage and cardiotoxicity are also clinical manifestations of envenomation caused by N. oxiana, though they are rare and secondary. The murine intraperitoneal LD50 of Naja annulata and Naja christyi venoms were 0.143 mg/kg and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. The crude venom of N. oxiana produced the lowest known lethal dose (LCLo) of 0.005 mg/kg, the lowest among all cobra species ever recorded, derived from an individual case of poisoning by intracerebroventricular injection. Envenomation caused by N. oxiana is much more complicated. Accessed the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. The major α-neurotoxin in the monocled cobra's venom is a long neurotoxin, α-cobratoxin; the minor α-neurotoxin is different from cobrotoxin in one residue. [17] The Caspian cobra is the most venomous species of cobra in the world (to laboratory mice). The average subcutaneous LD50 for N. oxiana in mice is 0.18 mg/kg, and the lowest reported value for N. oxiana is 0.10 mg/kg subcutis,[10] while the Philippine cobra (N. philippinensis) has an average murine LD50 of 0.2 mg/kg subcutis. [9] All have a characteristic ability to raise the front quarters of their bodies off the ground and flatten their necks to appear larger to a potential predator. They are also found on the Malay Peninsula and are native to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Nepal, and Thailand. at http://mbgnet.mobot.org/sets/rforest/animals/cobra.htm. Wallach et al. Joel Ramirez (author), Fresno City College, Jerry Kirkhart (editor), Fresno City College. Fangs are moderately adapted for spitting. [21] Envenomation usually presents predominantly with extensive local necrosis and systemic manifestations to a lesser degree. ), African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. [citation needed], Many factors influence the differences in cases of fatality among different species within the same genus. [9], Some populations of the monocled cobra have the ability to spit venom. [6] However, when threatened they will raise the anterior portions of their bodies, spread their hood, usually hiss loudly, and strike in an attempt to bite and defend themselves. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. They have 164 to 197 ventral scales and 43 to 58 subcaudal scales. The Book of Snakes. Discovery Channel. As a result, a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Iran. Taxonomic history. Several Naja species, referred to as spitting cobras, have a specialized venom delivery mechanism, in which their front fangs, instead of releasing venom through the tips (similar to a hypodermic needle), have a rifled opening in the front surface which allows the snake to propel the venom out of the mouth.
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